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常见开源协议简介

galeki posted @ 2008年2月29日 05:10 in 与技术无关的话题 with tags lgpl gpl bsd , 3382 阅读

每天都在使用着各式各样的开源软件,他们基于的协议也不尽相同,下面这篇文章对常见的几种开源协议进行了简单的介绍。

在网上搜到了此文的无数个拷贝,不知道哪个是原版,作者要是看到了通知我下,我注上来源


开源在今天的软件业已经很普遍,但开源是否意味着使用者可以对开源后的代码为所欲为呢?答案是否定的。开源运动同样有自己的游戏规则和道德准则。不遵行这些规则不但损害开源运动的健康发展,也会对违规者造成名誉和市场上的损失,更可能陷入法律纠纷和赔偿。

现今存在的开源协议很多,而经过 Open Source Initiative 组织通过 批准的开源协议

目前有58种。我们在常见的开源协议如BSD, GPL, LGPL,MIT等都是OSI批准的协议。如果要开源自己的代码,最好也是选择这些被批准的开源协议。

这里我们来看四种最常用的开源协议及它们的适用范围,供那些准备开源或者使用开源产品的开发人员/厂家参考。

Mozilla Public License

  MPL License,允许免费重发布、免费修改,但要求修改后的代码版权归软件的发起者。这种授权维护了商业软件的利益,,它要求基于这种软件得修改无偿贡献 版权给该软件。这样,围绕该软件得所有代码得版权都集中在发起开发人得手中。但MPL是允许修改,无偿使用得。MPL软件对链接没有要求。

BSD开源协议

BSD开源协议是一个给于使用者很大自由的协议。基本上使用者可以”为所欲为”,可以自由的使用,修改源代码,也可以将修改后的代码作为开源或者专有软件再发布。


但”为所欲为”的前提当你发布使用了BSD协议的代码,或则以BSD协议代码为基础做二次开发自己的产品时,需要满足三个条件:

1. 如果再发布的产品中包含源代码,则在源代码中必须带有原来代码中的BSD协议。

2. 如果再发布的只是二进制类库/软件,则需要在类库/软件的文档和版权声明中包含原来代码中的BSD协议。

3. 不可以用开源代码的作者/机构名字和原来产品的名字做市场推广。

BSD 代码鼓励代码共享,但需要尊重代码作者的著作权。BSD由于允许使用者修改和重新发布代码,也允许使用或在BSD代码上开发商业软件发布和销售,因此是对 商业集成很友好的协议。而很多的公司企业在选用开源产品的时候都首选BSD协议,因为可以完全控制这些第三方的代码,在必要的时候可以修改或者二次开发。

Apache Licence 2.0

Apache Licence是著名的非盈利开源组织Apache采用的协议。该协议和BSD类似,同样鼓励代码共享和尊重原作者的著作权,同样允许代码修改,再发布(作为开源或商业软件)。需要满足的条件也和BSD类似:

1.需要给代码的用户一份Apache Licence

2.如果你修改了代码,需要再被修改的文件中说明。

3.在延伸的代码中(修改和有源代码衍生的代码中)需要带有原来代码中的协议,商标,专利声明和其他原来作者规定需要包含的说明。

4. 如果再发布的产品中包含一个Notice文件,则在Notice文件中需要带有Apache Licence。你可以在Notice中增加自己的许可,但不可以表现为对Apache Licence构成更改。

Apache Licence也是对商业应用友好的许可。使用者也可以在需要的时候修改代码来满足需要并作为开源或商业产品发布/销售。

GPL

我们很熟悉的Linux就是采用了GPL。GPL协议和BSD, Apache Licence等鼓励代码重用的许可很不一样。GPL的出发点是代码的开源/免费使用和引用/修改/衍生代码的开源/免费使用,但不允许修改后和衍生的代 码做为闭源的商业软件发布和销售。这也就是为什么我们能用免费的各种linux,包括商业公司的linux和linux上各种各样的由个人,组织,以及商 业软件公司开发的免费软件了。

GPL协议的主要内容是只要在一个软件中使用(“使用”指类库引用,修改后的代码或者衍生代码)GPL协议的产品,则该软件产品必须也采用GPL 协议,既必须也是开源和免费。这就是所谓的”传染性”。GPL协议的产品作为一个单独的产品使用没有任何问题,还可以享受免费的优势。

由于GPL严格要求使用了GPL类库的软件产品必须使用GPL协议,对于使用GPL协议的开源代码,商业软件或者对代码有保密要求的部门就不适合集成/采用作为类库和二次开发的基础。

其它细节如再发布的时候需要伴随GPL协议等和BSD/Apache等类似。

LGPL

LGPL 是GPL的一个为主要为类库使用设计的开源协议。和GPL要求任何使用/修改/衍生之GPL类库的的软件必须采用GPL协议不同。LGPL允许商业软件通 过类库引用(link)方式使用LGPL类库而不需要开源商业软件的代码。这使得采用LGPL协议的开源代码可以被商业软件作为类库引用并发布和销售。

但是如果修改LGPL协议的代码或者衍生,则所有修改的代码,涉及修改部分的额外代码和衍生的代码都必须采用LGPL协议。因此LGPL协议的开 源代码很适合作为第三方类库被商业软件引用,但不适合希望以LGPL协议代码为基础,通过修改和衍生的方式做二次开发的商业软件采用。


GPL/LGPL都保障原作者的知识产权,避免有人利用开源代码复制并开发类似的产品。

  • 无匹配
mumonitor 说:
2008年2月29日 17:31 学习,但是有点疑问,GPL下的软件必须是免费的吗?GPL只是倡导开源应不是必须免费吧?
silence 说:
2008年2月29日 19:48 @ mumonitor: 这篇文章对 GPL 的那些说法很不正确。实际上 GPL 协议所倡导的既非开源也非免费,而是自由。 很多人别有用心,就把 free 翻译成“免费”。因为商人们不愿意听到 “免费” 这个词,所以又有一些别有用心的人造出 “开源” 这个词。
mumonitor 说:
2008年2月29日 22:20 严重同意silence的观点,此free非彼free。所以我提出了异议^_^
princelai 说:
2008年3月01日 05:46 free software和freeware是不一样的
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